\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u2013 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631(\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644)<\/strong><\/p>\n Combining agency and structure<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n Democracy and Democratization in Comparative Perspective<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0623.\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0623.\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062f. \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n A panoramic view of the development within the literature<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 (1991:306Gregory Luebber) “\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0644\u062a: \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c”. \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 Transitology\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u00a0\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 “\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Mahoney & Snyder 1999: 4). \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f Herbert Kitschelt (1992: 1028)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a:<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 – \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 .<\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a (Kitschelt) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Mahoney & Goertz 2006). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 – \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629- \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644actor \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 cf. Lijphart 1971). \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a(Kitschelt) (2003) \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 “\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642”Deep Causes\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644actor\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629Proximate Causes.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a(Kitschelt)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 agency and structure (Mahoney 2003a: 136). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 combining quantitative and qualitative methods\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629” (Lieberman 2005; Munck Verkuilen2005; & Rohlfing 2009). \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a – \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a – \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Hedstr\u00f6m & Swedberg 1996). \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0634\u0644\u062a(Kitschelt) (1992: 1029)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 11-1\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a(Kitschelt) (1993,2003; Kitschelt et al.1999) \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Munck 2001: 140; cf. Hedstr\u00f6m & Swedberg 1996). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0633\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Munck 2001: 142). \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>An Early example and some pitfalls<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 Samuel P. Huntington\u2019s (1991) The Third Wave. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle (1997) \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman (1997) \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a 12\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 Geoffrey Pridham (2000) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan\u2019s (1996) \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 (Linz and Stepan)\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0647. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 (Linz and Stepan) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648 “stateness”.\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 Linz& Stepan \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 Linz& Stepan \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644Linz &Stepan 1978). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646 Linz\u0648Stepan \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 Linz\u0648Stepan \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629Foreign Policy \u060c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631Zeitgeist\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 Diffusion. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a – \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 Linz\u0648Stepan (1996: 76) \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631Zeitgeist \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629Foreign Policy (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c) \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629”Macro-Variables\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642Context Centered \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 Actor Centered\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0643 Gerardo Munck (2001: 139): “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 Linz\u0648Stepan \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627”.\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 (Kitschelt 2003).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 <\/strong>Deep and proximate causes<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645 (51:[1748]1993) \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646” \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.”<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a John Gerring (2001: 142)\u060c “\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644”.\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0632 Kitschelt (2003) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>The post-communist laboratory<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (Easter 1997; Fish 1998a; Bunce 1999 \u00a0) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 “\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 – \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 – \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627”(Fish 1998a: 214).. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1989-1991. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Kitschelt 2003\u061b \u0628\u0648\u0628-\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0633 2007 \u060c M\u00f8ller & Skaaning2009). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Fish 2006)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649(Fish1998b) \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n ( Fish & Choudhry 2008) \u00a0\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627. \u0641\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632(Fish 2006). \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 ( Fish & Choudhry 2008 Fish1998b;) \u00a0. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 M\u00f8ller & Skaaning2009).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649”\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a” \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a” \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 – \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0631 – \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642(e.g., Fish 1998a: 77\u201378; 2006: 11\u201312). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644 Kitschelt \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1999)\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a: \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0625\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 M\u00f8ller & Skaaning2009).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 – \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (‘\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627’)\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 (‘\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627’)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 (‘\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c’). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 11.2 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 M\u00f8ller & Skaaning2009).<\/p>\n Table 11.2 <\/em>The combined typology of deep and proximate factors<\/p>\n Proximate factors<\/p>\n Completely Mix\u00a0\u00a0 Completely<\/p>\n present\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 absent<\/p>\n Deep factors\u00a0 Completely present\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Czech Rep.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Estonia<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Croatia<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hungary<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lithuania<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Latvia<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Poland<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Slovakia<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Slovenia<\/strong><\/p>\n Mix \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Macedonia\u00a0\u00a0 Albania\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Belarus<\/em><\/p>\n Armenia<\/em><\/p>\n Bulgaria\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Tajikistan<\/em><\/p>\n Georgia<\/em><\/p>\n Kyrgyzstan\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Ukraine<\/p>\n Moldova<\/p>\n Mongolia<\/strong><\/p>\n Romania<\/strong><\/p>\n Russia<\/em><\/p>\n Completely absent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Azerbaijan<\/em><\/p>\n Kazakhstan<\/em><\/p>\n Turkmenistan<\/em><\/p>\n Uzbekistan<\/em><\/p>\n Note: The bold <\/strong>text indicates that \u2013 in 2011 \u2013 a country is a liberal democracy or polyarchy, italics <\/em>that it is an autocracy, and ordinary text indicates an electoral or minimalist democracy.<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 22 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644 26 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 (\u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629” \u0648 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 “. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 (\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0642)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 . \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 (\u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637) \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 (\u0648 \u0647\u0648) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 – \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 (M\u00f8ller & Skaaning2009).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: <\/strong><\/p>\n \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 – \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u061f \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n Different ways of combining structure and agency<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638 \u0623\u0646 James Mahoney \u0648Richard Snyder (1999) \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644. \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644Agent-Structure. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 “\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 – \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 “\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c Mahoney \u0648Snyder(1999: 10-11) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n Mahoney \u0648Snyder\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 – \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a – \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a) Mahoney & Snyder1999: 14 (. \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c Mahoney \u0648Snyder\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a Linz\u0648Stepan (1978) \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 Linz\u0648Stepan (1996)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 (1991 [1966]) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Mahoney & Snyder 1999: 16). \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 Mahoney 2000: 507\u060c 509\u061b Capoccia & Kelemen 2007: 341). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631 Mahoney \u0648Snyder\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631 (1991) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0634\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062a \u0622\u0644. (1992) \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 Mahoney \u0648 Snyder\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 Mahoney \u0648Snyder(1999: 22) “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629”.\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c Mahoney \u0648Snyder\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645. \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u062a (1990) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 (1991) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 Kitschelt 1992: 1033-1034\u061b Mahoney & \u0633\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0631 1999: 22-24). \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a Mahoney \u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631 (1999) \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c Mahoney \u0648Snyder \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 2000\u061b \u0647\u0648\u0644 2003\u061b Capoccia & Kelemen 2007). \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 Mahoney \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 Mahoney \u0648Snyder (\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631 & \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631 1991\u061b \u0631\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 1992).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a (2010) \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a”.\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a (2010: 933-934) \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631 (1991 [1966])\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a (1991)\u060c \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1992). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a (934: 2010) \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631” \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 (M\u00f8ller \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 Giovanni Capoccia \u0648Daniel Ziblatt (2010) \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 – \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a (2011: 370) \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a”. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. . . . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d – \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0622\u062e\u0631 – \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064as 1990\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a Anthony Giddens\u2019 (1984: 288) \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629”.\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n 12 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=653<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=657<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=694<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 4- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=660<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 5- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=664<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 6- \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=667<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 7- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0629<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=671<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 8- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=675<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 9- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=678<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 10- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u2013 Routldege Handbook of Democratizaion<\/p>\n http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=681<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 11- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/p>\n\n