{"id":667,"date":"2019-09-23T21:30:48","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T19:30:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=667"},"modified":"2019-09-24T01:49:10","modified_gmt":"2019-09-23T23:49:10","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=667","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649- \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Lawrence Whitehead ” On Democracy and Democratization ” , in ” Democratization : Theory and\u00a0\u00a0Experience ” , ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) .<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u064a\u062c\u0648 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0649 1985 \u0648 1986 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u00a01995 .\u00a0[1]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0649 : \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u060c ( \u0628\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 : \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u060c 2006 ) .\u00a0[2]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1989 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2001 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c . \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f (\u00a0<\/span>FRIDE<\/span>\u00a0) .\u00a0[3]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 . \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 (\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0Country Analysts<\/span>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u00a0<\/span>Foundational Issues<\/span> ) . \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u060c \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 . \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u00a0<\/span>Interpretative Approaches<\/span>\u00a0) . \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 . \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 ” . \u0641\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0649 10 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 :<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b : \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ” \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 “<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 . \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0649 (\u00a0<\/span>Interpretive<\/span>\u00a0) .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 (\u00a0\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0649 ) \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u00a0\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>implications<\/span>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 . \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 .\u00a0\u00a0\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0:<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/span>descriptive label<\/span>\u00a0\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0629\u00a0<\/span>Desirable Value\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 .<\/span><\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 .<\/span><\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u064a\u0627\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b . \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b .<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (\u00a0<\/span>Evaluative and Context-dependent<\/span>\u00a0) . \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a (\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Timeless<\/span>\u00a0) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f (\u00a0<\/span>Objective<\/span>\u00a0) .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 . \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 ( \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u00a0<\/span>Polyarchy in Robert Dah’s\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 ( \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u062f\u00a0<\/span>David Held<\/span>\u00a0) . \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 . \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u060c\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a . \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0649 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 (\u00a0<\/span>Philippe C.Shmitter<\/span>\u00a0) \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 (\u00a0<\/span>Terry Lynn Karl<\/span>\u00a0) \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :
\n1) \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

2) \u0643\u0644\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

3) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a . \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 .<\/span><\/p>\n

4) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 . \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0649 . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 . \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 (\u00a0<\/span>Deontological<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0) \u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 : \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u060c \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 . \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649”\u00a0<\/span>Two Turn-over test<\/span>\u00a0” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 . \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0649 (\u00a0<\/span>Social Construction<\/span>\u00a0) .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a :<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/span><\/a>\u00a0)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Lawrence Whitehead ,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/www.lac.ox.ac.uk\/laurence-whitehead<\/a>\u00a0, 14-3-2014 .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/span><\/a>\u00a0)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Lawrence Whitehead ,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/www.politics.ox.ac.uk\/index.php\/profile\/laurence-whitehead.html<\/a>\u00a0, 14-3-2014 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/span><\/a>\u00a0)\u00a0<\/span>, Access date : ( 14-3-2014)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>http:\/\/www.fride.org\/expert\/251\/laurence-whitehead<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

————-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

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http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=653<\/a><\/p>\n

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6- \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649<\/p>\n

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8- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

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9- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=678<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

10- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u2013 Routldege Handbook of Democratizaion<\/p>\n

http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=681<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

11- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/p>\n

http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=686<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

12- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0633<\/p>\n

http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=689<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 ” \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 ” \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 : \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629”\u060c\u00a0\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 “\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062f “ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 : Lawrence Whitehead ” On Democracy and Democratization ” , in ” Democratization : Theory and\u00a0\u00a0Experience ” , ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) . \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":668,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344,32],"tags":[335],"class_list":["post-667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-344","category-32","tag-335"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=667"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/667\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=667"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=667"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}