{"id":649,"date":"2019-09-23T20:24:27","date_gmt":"2019-09-23T18:24:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=649"},"modified":"2020-05-16T17:26:44","modified_gmt":"2020-05-16T15:26:44","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=649","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a ..\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/u><\/strong><strong>Modernization<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 Seymour Martin Lipset \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629Socioeconomic Pre-requisites .<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628<\/u><\/strong><strong>political elites preferences or agency theory<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f Rational Choice\u060c\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648Dankwart A. Rustow\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 <em>Barrington Moore <\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/u><\/strong><strong>Structural<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639State-Society Approach \u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 Structureof Political Opportunities. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a.\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0644<em>Theda Skocpol<\/em>\u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/0B4yd6SluUYTIR1F1eXMxTDVpQ2s\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/0B4yd6SluUYTIR1F1eXMxTDVpQ2s<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/democratizationfeps\">https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/democratizationfeps<\/a><\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0641\u064a: \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 2007)\u060c \u0635 \u0635 21 \u2013 30.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646)\u060c <strong>\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c 2006)\u060c \u0635 \u0635 63-104.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong>Modernization<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Larry Diamond and Gary Marks, &#8220;Seymour Martin Lipset and the Study of Democracy&#8221;, <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/~gwmarks\/assets\/doc\/diamond.marks%20-%20Seymour%20Martin%20Lipset%20and%20the%20study%20of%20democracy.pdf\">http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/~gwmarks\/assets\/doc\/diamond.marks%20-%20Seymour%20Martin%20Lipset%20and%20the%20study%20of%20democracy.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Seymour Martin Lipset, <strong>Political Man: The social bases of politics<\/strong> (New York: Doubleday, 1960), Ch. 2, Economic Development &amp; Democracy, pp. 26-63.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/politicalmansoci00inlips\/politicalmansoci00inlips_djvu.txt\">https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/politicalmansoci00inlips\/politicalmansoci00inlips_djvu.txt<\/a><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Lipset Bio, &#8220;Biographical Memoires, Proceedings of the American Philosophical&#8221;<strong>Society<\/strong>, Vol. 155, No. 3, September 2011.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amphilsoc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/proceedings\/1553LipsetBio1550310.pdf\">https:\/\/amphilsoc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/proceedings\/1553LipsetBio1550310.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Adam Przezworkski, &#8220;Capitalism, development and democracy&#8221;, <strong>Brazilian Journal of Political Economy<\/strong>, vol.24, n.4, October\/December2004 , 487-499<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.464.7745&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.464.7745&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P.Huntington (eds.) <strong>Culture matters: How values shape human progress<\/strong> (New York: Basic Books, 2000) [\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627]\n<p><strong><em>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0625.\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628. \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2009). [\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627]\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ronald Inglehart and Christian Weltzel, <strong>Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence<\/strong> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Julian Wucherpfennig and Franziska Deutsch, &#8220;Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited&#8221;, Living Reviews in Democracy,2009, pp. 1-9. <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ethz.ch\/content\/dam\/ethz\/special-interest\/gess\/cis\/cis-dam\/CIS_DAM_2015\/WorkingPapers\/Living_Reviews_Democracy\/Wucherpfennig%20Deutsch.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ethz.ch\/content\/dam\/ethz\/special-interest\/gess\/cis\/cis-dam\/CIS_DAM_2015\/WorkingPapers\/Living_Reviews_Democracy\/Wucherpfennig%20Deutsch.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 (\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Axel Hadenius, &#8221; Transitions to democracy: Pros and cons of the Rustow-Lipjhart elite approach&#8221;, in: Ole Elgstrom and Goran Hyden(eds.), <strong>Cit<\/strong>., pp.65-87[\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 (\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0631)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World(Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 413-453. <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/polisci2.ucsd.edu\/foundation\/04Moore1966.pdf\">http:\/\/polisci2.ucsd.edu\/foundation\/04Moore1966.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Adam Przeworski, &#8220;Democracy as a contingent outcome of conflicts&#8221;, In J. Elster&amp; R. Slagstad (Eds.), <strong>Constitutionalism and Democracy<\/strong>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988) pp.59-80[\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627]<\/li>\n<li>Guillermo O\u2019Donnell, A. and Philippe C. Schmitter , <strong>Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions<\/strong> (Baltimore,MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,1986)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 (\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transitions and\u00a0 Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe(Baltimore,MD: John Hopkins university Press, 1996), &#8220;Chapter 5:Actors and contexts&#8221; pp. 66-83\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Ller,\u00a0 and SvendSkaanin, <strong>Op.Cit<\/strong>., Chapter 8.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064e \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064e \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>GordonCrawford and Abdul-GafaruAbdulai, &#8221; Democratization, Poverty <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>and inequality\u201d, In: Jeffrey Haynes (Ed.),\u00a0Op.Cit., pp353-367.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Christian Houle, \u201cInequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization,\u201d <strong>World Politics<\/strong>, 61\/4 (Oct., 2009): 589-622<\/li>\n<li>Renske Doorenspleet, &#8221; Development, Class and Democracy: Is there a relationship?&#8221;, in:\u00a0 Ole Elgstrom and Goran Hyden(eds), <strong>Cit<\/strong>., pp.48-64 [\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627].<\/li>\n<li>CarlesBoix, <strong>Democracy and Redistribution<\/strong> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)[\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627].<\/li>\n<li>Daron Acemoglu, and James A. Robinson, <strong>The Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy<\/strong> ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006)[\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Theda Skocpol, &#8220;Bringing the State Back in: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research&#8221;, in: Peter B. Evans, et al. (Eds), Bringing the State Back in(Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1985), Intro &amp; Ch1 pp. 3-13. <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/lib.jnu.ac.in\/sites\/default\/files\/RefrenceFile\/bringing-the-state.pdf\">http:\/\/lib.jnu.ac.in\/sites\/default\/files\/RefrenceFile\/bringing-the-state.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Revisited <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.hawaii.edu\/~manicas\/pdf_files\/pub\/skocpolreview.pdf\">http:\/\/www2.hawaii.edu\/~manicas\/pdf_files\/pub\/skocpolreview.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Theda Skocpol, <strong>States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China<\/strong> (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1979). Intro: pp. 3-40.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ssc.wisc.edu\/~wright\/Soc924-2011\/924-2011-book-project\/Skocpol.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ssc.wisc.edu\/~wright\/Soc924-2011\/924-2011-book-project\/Skocpol.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631: <\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629): \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><em>Barbra Geddes, &#8220;What Causes Democratization?&#8221;, Ch. 14. In: Oxford Handbook <\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.socpol.unimi.it\/corsi\/compol\/materials\/Geddes%20in%20Oxford%20handbook.pdf\">http:\/\/www.socpol.unimi.it\/corsi\/compol\/materials\/Geddes%20in%20Oxford%20handbook.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Goran Hyden, &#8220;Development and democracy: An Overview&#8221;, in:\u00a0 Ole Elgstrom and Goran Hyden(eds.), <strong>Development and Democracy: What have we learned and how?<\/strong> (New York: Routledge, 2002) pp.1-22 [\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>12 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 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href=\"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=675\">http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=675<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>9- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=678\">http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=678<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>10- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u2013 Routldege Handbook of Democratizaion<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=681\">http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=681<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>11- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2018 \u00a0 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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