{"id":482,"date":"2019-09-19T00:24:52","date_gmt":"2019-09-18T22:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=482"},"modified":"2019-09-19T00:24:52","modified_gmt":"2019-09-18T22:24:52","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=482","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1990\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635 188.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 1972\u060c \u0635 198- 199.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635 195- 196.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 166.<\/li>\n<li>Paolo Zannoni,&#8221;the concept of Elite&#8221; European Journal of Political Research, vol. 6 1978, pp. 16 \u2013 17.<\/li>\n<li>Martin N. Marger, Elites and Masses , An introduction to Political So ciology(New York, D. Van Nastrand Company, 1981) , 78 \u2013 79.<\/li>\n<li>James Bill, and Robert L. Hardgrave, Comparative Politics: the Quest for theory,(Ohio: charles E. Merril Publishing Comparative Politics: the Quest for theory,( Ohio : charles E. Merril Publishing Company, 1973), p. 144<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635 24.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635 \u0635 73- 84\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 182- 187.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zannoni, op. cit., pp. 15- 16.<\/li>\n<li>Karl W. Deutsch, Politics, and Governmetn: How People Decide their Fate,(Boston: Houghton Mifflin company, 1974) Second Edition, pp. 48- 52<\/li>\n<li>B Bottomore, Elites and Society,(New York: Basic Books, 1964), pp. 8- 9.- \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>13- \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 73- 84\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 182- 187.<\/p>\n<p>14- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 182- 187.<\/p>\n<p>15- \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 25.<\/p>\n<p>16- Bill, and Hardgrave, op. cit,. pp. 165 \u2013 167.<br \/>\n17- Richard L. Merrit, Systematic Approach to comparative Politics(Chicago: Rand Mcnally and Company, 1971), pp. 118- 129.<\/p>\n<p>18- \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1994\u060c 87.<\/p>\n<p>19- \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 110.<\/p>\n<p>20- \u062f. \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 80\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1985\u060c \u0635 4.<\/p>\n<p>21- Zannoni, op. cit., p. 5.<\/p>\n<p>22- \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623. \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a: \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 138- 185.<\/p>\n<p>23- \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f. \u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 3- 5 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1989\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635 \u0635 211- 224.<\/p>\n<p>24- \u0647\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 1956- 1970\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1981\u060c \u0635 \u0635 66- 67.<\/p>\n<p>25- \u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 121- 132.<\/p>\n<p>26- \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 166\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1992\u060c \u0635 \u0635 50- 53.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0642\u0645 22\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635 \u0635 212- 217.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u062f. \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u00a0 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 pdf: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c 1996 &nbsp; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,9],"tags":[230],"class_list":["post-482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-13","category-9","tag-230"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=482"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}