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\u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Assessment (U.S. Department of Energy, May 2023).<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> \u201cDOD Enters Agreement to Expand Domestic Manufacturing and Strengthen U.S. Cobalt Supply Chains,\u201d U.S. Department of Defense (website), June 15, 2023, https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/3429442\/dod-enters-agreement-to-expand-domestic-manufacturing-and-strengthen-us-cobalt\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Robert Bociaga, \u201cChina\u2019s Africa Belt and Road Investment Drops as West Spends More,\u201d Nikkei Asia (website), March 25, 2023, https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Spotlight\/Belt-and-Road\/China-s-Africa-Belt-and-Road-investment-drops-as-West-spends-more<\/a>.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> \u201cFrom Cobalt to Cars: How China Exploits Child and Forced Labor in the Congo,\u201d Congressional-Executive Commission on China (website), November 14, 2023, https:\/\/www.cecc.gov\/events\/hearings\/from-cobalt-to-cars-how-china-exploits-child-and-forced-labor-in-the-congo<\/a>.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> \u201cWorld\u2019s Ten Largest Cobalt Mines in 2020,\u201d Mining Technology (website), September 6, 2021, https:\/\/www.mining-technology.com\/marketdata\/ten-largest-cobalts-mines-2020-2\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Brian Deese and Jason Bordoff, \u201cHow to Break China\u2019s Hold on Batteries and Critical Minerals,\u201d Foreign Policy (website), October 4, 2023, https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2023\/10\/04\/ev-electric-china-us-batteries-critical-minerals-energy-oil-renewable\/<\/a><\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Claude Kabemba, \u201cChina-Democratic Republic of Congo Relations: From a Beneficial to a Developmental Cooperation,\u201d African Studies Quarterly 16, no. 3\u20134 (December 2016).<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> John Pomfret, \u201cChina Sending Troops as Congo Peacekeepers,\u201d The Washington Post (website), February 11, 2003, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/2003\/02\/12\/china-sending-troops-as-congo-peacekeepers\/4690a140-75e8-4b01-ab90-10ceeb0c3e48\/<\/a><\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Michael J. Kavanagh, \u201cCongo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows,\u201d Bloomberg (website), September 28, 2021, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-28\/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows<\/a>.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> \u201cCongo, Dem. Rep.,\u201d World Bank Group (website), n.d., accessed on March 6, 2024, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/congo-dem-rep<\/a>.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Gracelin Baskaran, \u201cA Window of Opportunity to Build Critical Mineral Security in Africa,\u201d Center for Strategic and International Studies (website), October 10, 2023, https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/window-opportunity-build-critical-mineral-security-africa<\/a>.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Emmet Livingstone, \u201cUncertainties Remain with Renegotiated Chinese Mining Deal in DRC,\u201d Voice of America (website), January 26, 2024, https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/uncertainties-remain-with-renegotiated-chinese-mining-deal-in-drc-\/7458908.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> \u201cDR Congo Wants to Revise 2008 Mining Agreement with China,\u201d The Brussels Times (website), March 19, 2023, https:\/\/www.brusselstimes.com\/415519\/dr-congo-president-tshisekedi-wants-revision-of-mining-contract-with-china-from-2008.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Isabelle King, \u201cRefining the Lobito Corridor: The Future of Cobalt in Sub-Saharan Africa,\u201d Harvard International Review (website), August 22, 2024, https:\/\/hir.harvard.edu\/refining-the-lobito-corridor-the-future-of-cobalt-in-sub-saharan-africa\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Kathy Short, \u201cDRC, Zambia Vow to Resolve Customs Delays for Trucks Hauling Copper, Cobalt,\u201d Voice of America (website), February 20, 2023, https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/drc-zambia-vow-to-resolve-customs-delays-for-trucks-hauling-copper-cobalt\/6970809.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Background of Tazara,\u201d Tanzania Zambia Railways (website), n.d., accessed on October 16, 2024, https:\/\/www.tazara.co.tz\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Matthew Hill, \u201cThe Great Rail Race to Tap Zambia\u2019s Copper: Next Africa,\u201d Bloomberg (website), February 23, 2024, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2024-02-23\/us-china-in-race-to-get-copper-cobalt-out-of-africa<\/a>.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Matthew Hill and Taonga Mitimingi, \u201cChina Proposes a $1 Billion Tanzania-Zambia Railway Revamp,\u201d Bloomberg (website), February 7, 2024, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2024-02-07\/china-proposes-a-1-billion-tanzania-zambia-railway-revamp<\/a>.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> \u201cTanzania\u2019s China-Backed $10 Billion Port Plan Stalls over Terms \u2013 Official,\u201d Reuters (website), May 22, 2019, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/markets\/tanzania-s-china-backed-10-billion-port-plan-stalls-over-terms-official-idUSL5N22Y26W\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> \u201cDOD Enters Agreement to Expand Domestic Manufacturing and Strengthen U.S. Cobalt Supply Chains,\u201d U.S. Department of Defense (website), June 15, 2023, https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/Releases\/Release\/Article\/3429442\/dod-enters-agreement-to-expand-domestic-manufacturing-and-strengthen-us-cobalt\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> Kara Norton, \u201cCobalt Powers Our Lives. What Is It\u2014and Why Is It So Controversial?,\u201d National Geographic (website), December 21, 2023, https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/cobalt-mining-congo-batteries-electric-vehicles<\/a>.<\/p>\n [22]<\/a> 25.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eric Lipton and Dionne Searcey, \u201cHow the U.S. Lost Ground to China in the Contest for Clean Energy,\u201d The New York Times (website), November 21, 2021, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/11\/21\/world\/us-china-energy.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 Critical Mineral \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4114,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,23],"tags":[2100,2099,2102,2101],"class_list":["post-4113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-29","category-23","tag-2100","tag-2099","tag-2102","tag-2101"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4113"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4115,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4113\/revisions\/4115"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}