{"id":3074,"date":"2020-06-27T10:38:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-27T08:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=3074"},"modified":"2020-07-14T21:26:59","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T19:26:59","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=3074","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 : \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 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name=\"_ftnref69\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn70\" name=\"_ftnref70\">2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<a href=\"#_ftn71\" name=\"_ftnref71\">3<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628<\/strong><strong>&#8211; <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/africansc.iq\/index.php?news_view&amp;req=6edf069524f78e0b\">http:\/\/africansc.iq\/index.php?news_view&amp;req=6edf069524f78e0b<\/a> 1- \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 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2001<\/p>\n<p>6-\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639: \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064e\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p>7-\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015<\/p>\n<p>9- \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c2010<\/p>\n<p>10- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1- \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/\">https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/<\/a>2- \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.almrsal.com\/post\/323779\">https:\/\/www.almrsal.com\/post\/323779<\/a><\/p>\n<p>4- \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ihh.org.tr\/ar\/news\/6-april-1994-rwanda-massacre-880\">https:\/\/www.ihh.org.tr\/ar\/news\/6-april-1994-rwanda-massacre-880<\/a><\/p>\n<p>5-\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u060c\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u061f\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2016<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.sasapost.com\/genocide-in-rwanda\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Theses<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1- Peter Uvin, Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different paths to Mass Violence, Comparative Politics,Vol.31,No3, April 1999<\/p>\n<p>2- Patrick Kanyangara for African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Conflict in the Great Lakes Region: Root Causes, Dynamics and Effects, May 2016<\/p>\n<p><strong>B.Books:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1-Generale History of Africa: Africa Since 1935, Chp.16, Nation Building and changing political values, UNESCO<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Artiles<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1-THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE, history.com, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>2-UNHCR ,The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath<\/p>\n<p>3-<a href=\"https:\/\/unictr.irmct.org\/en\/genocide\">https:\/\/unictr.irmct.org\/en\/genocide<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<p>4-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/worldnews\/2014\/04\/140407_rwanda_slaughter\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/worldnews\/2014\/04\/140407_rwanda_slaughter<\/a><\/p>\n<p>5- Paul Kagame and Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front<em>\u00a0<\/em>by Colin M. Waugh<\/p>\n<p>6-Laura Mann &amp; Marie Berry ,Understanding the Political Motivations That Shape Rwanda&#8217;s Emergent\u00a0\u00a0 Developmental State, New Political Economy Journal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13563467.2015.1041484?src=recsys\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13563467.2015.1041484?src=recsys<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">1<\/a> \u062f (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f) \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1997.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">1<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7\">https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">2<\/a> \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">1<\/a> \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u2013\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c2015<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">2<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">3<\/a> \u0623.\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">4<\/a> \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">1<\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/africansc.iq\/index.php?news_view&amp;req=6edf069524f78e0b\">http:\/\/africansc.iq\/index.php?news_view&amp;req=6edf069524f78e0b<\/a> \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">1<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/\">https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<h5><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">2<\/a> \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649- \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c2014<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">3<\/a> \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0649\u060c2019 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0649\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0646.. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">1<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 1994 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u06292014-2015 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649\u060c<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">2<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/\">https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/<\/a> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">3<\/a> Peter Uvin, Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda :Different paths to Mass Violence, Comparative Politics,Vol.31,No3, April 1999<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>1 <a href=\"https:\/\/democraticac.de\/?p=35489\">https:\/\/democraticac.de\/?p=35489<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">2<\/a> THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE, history.com, 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">3<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/\">https:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/country\/RW\/<\/a> \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">1<\/a>\u00a0 \u062f\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c1997<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">2<\/a> Patrick Kanyangara for African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Conflict in the Great Lakes Region: Root Causes, Dynamics and Effects, May 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">3<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2001<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">1<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/islamport.com\/w\/amm\/Web\/135\/4429.htm\">http:\/\/islamport.com\/w\/amm\/Web\/135\/4429.htm<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f 238<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">2<\/a> Patrick Kanyangara for African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD( ,<\/p>\n<p>Conflict in the Great Lakes Region: Root Causes, Dynamics and Effects, May 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">3<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2001 \u200f\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">1<\/a> \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">2<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">1<\/a> \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">2<\/a> \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629\u060c2018<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">3<\/a> Laura Mann &amp; Marie Berry ,Understanding the Political Motivations That Shape Rwanda&#8217;s Emergent \u00a0\u00a0Developmental State, New Political Economy Journal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13563467.2015.1041484?src=recsys\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13563467.2015.1041484?src=recsys<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">1<\/a> \u0623.\u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">2<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">3<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">4<\/a> Generale History of Africa: Africa Since 1935, Chp.16, Nation Building and changing political values, UNESCO<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">1<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c2010<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">2<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">3<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">1<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">2<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">3<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<h5><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">4 <\/a>Generale History of Africa: Africa Since 1935, Chp.16, Nation Building and changing political values, UNESCO<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">1<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">2<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">3<\/a> \u062f.\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">4<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">1<\/a> \u062f.\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">2<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u062b \u060c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">3<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">4<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">1<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629\u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">2<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">3<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">4<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">1<\/a> \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0628 48<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">2<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arab48.com\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA\/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82\/2019\/04\/27\/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7\">https:\/\/www.arab48.com\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA\/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82\/2019\/04\/27\/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">3<\/a> \u062f.\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">1<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">2<\/a> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">3<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">4<\/a> \u062f.\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">1<\/a> \u062f.\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b\u060c\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">2<\/a> \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">3<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c2014<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">1<\/a> \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627-\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064f\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u060c\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c2010<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.acrseg.org\/40864\">http:\/\/www.acrseg.org\/40864<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\">2<\/a> \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\">3<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\">4<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftn66\">1<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref67\" name=\"_ftn67\">2<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.almrsal.com\/post\/323779\">https:\/\/www.almrsal.com\/post\/323779<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref68\" name=\"_ftn68\">3<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/unictr.irmct.org\/en\/genocide\">https:\/\/unictr.irmct.org\/en\/genocide<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref69\" name=\"_ftn69\">1<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ihh.org.tr\/ar\/news\/6-april-1994-rwanda-massacre-880\">https:\/\/www.ihh.org.tr\/ar\/news\/6-april-1994-rwanda-massacre-880<\/a> \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref70\" name=\"_ftn70\">2<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/worldnews\/2014\/04\/140407_rwanda_slaughter\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/worldnews\/2014\/04\/140407_rwanda_slaughter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref71\" name=\"_ftn71\">3<\/a> UNHCR ,The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref72\" name=\"_ftn72\">1<\/a> Patrick Kanyangara for African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD(<\/p>\n<p>Conflict in the Great Lakes Region: Root Causes, Dynamics and Effects, May 2016<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref73\" name=\"_ftn73\">2<\/a> \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref74\" name=\"_ftn74\">3<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref75\" name=\"_ftn75\">1<\/a> \u0635\u0628\u062d\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref76\" name=\"_ftn76\">2<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref77\" name=\"_ftn77\">3<\/a> \u0631\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref78\" name=\"_ftn78\">1<\/a> Dr Anastase Shyaka \u0648THE RWANDAN CONFLICT Origin, Development, Exit Strategies A Study ordered by: The National Unity and Reconciliation Commission<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref79\" name=\"_ftn79\">2<\/a> \u062f.\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref80\" name=\"_ftn80\">3<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref81\" name=\"_ftn81\">1<\/a> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0632\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref82\" name=\"_ftn82\">2<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref83\" name=\"_ftn83\">1<\/a> \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 2020 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c2019<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref84\" name=\"_ftn84\">2<\/a> Paul Kagame and Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front<em>\u00a0by Colin M. Waugh<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref85\" name=\"_ftn85\">3<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0649\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u00a0\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/\u00a0\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u062f. \u0635\u0640\u0640\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 2020 &nbsp; \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: \u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0649 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1192,"featured_media":3075,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[1680,610,1681],"class_list":["post-3074","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-23","tag-1680","tag-610","tag-1681"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1192"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3074"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3079,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074\/revisions\/3079"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3075"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3074"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3074"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3074"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}