{"id":2827,"date":"2020-03-19T19:47:29","date_gmt":"2020-03-19T17:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2827"},"modified":"2020-03-19T19:47:29","modified_gmt":"2020-03-19T17:47:29","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2827","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 ( Frankel 2010 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0630\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (Bravo-Ortega and de Gregorio\u00a0 2007) \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 (Aslaksen Andersen and 2008 ) \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 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\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a &#8221; \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 Grabber Friendly&#8221;. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a 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\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Lederman and Maloney 2007 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2-\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f:-<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u200c- (Humphresy 2005) \u064a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0643[3] \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u200c- (Ramsey 2011) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 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(New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), Pp:1-35.<\/p>\n[2]\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1948 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u00a0 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