{"id":2749,"date":"2020-02-27T15:29:47","date_gmt":"2020-02-27T13:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2020-02-27T15:32:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-27T13:32:54","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2749","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>&#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>&#8220;<\/strong><strong>Transformations of the Democratic State<\/strong><strong>&#8220;<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/u><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.\u062f\/ \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/u><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06492014\/2015<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0649)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"650\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong> \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645\u0640\u0640\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>\u00ad2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>3-12<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646: \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>4-12<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <u>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a)<\/u>:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (1950-1960):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Stabilization of democratic states<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>5-6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 1960 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 1970)<\/u><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Changes below the Surface of Constitutional Arrangements<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\">\n<h3>5<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u0623\u200c-\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>5-6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628-<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062c-<\/strong> <strong>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>6-11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Surge of Institutional Reforms<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>7-8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623-\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>8-9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628-\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>9-10<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062c-\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>10-11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>11-12<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 2008)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A New (Post-2008) Phase of the Democratic State<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>12<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 (\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>12-15<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"542\"><strong><u>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b<\/u><\/strong><strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><u>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/u><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <strong><u>&#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/u> <\/strong>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <strong><u>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b<\/u><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 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<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008<\/strong> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 <\/u><\/strong><strong><u>Stabilization of democratic states<\/u><\/strong> <strong><u>(1950-1960)<\/u><\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 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<strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 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\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649<\/strong> &#8220;Two Turn-over test&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0649\u060c <strong>\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629<\/strong>. <strong>\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f<strong> \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a<strong> \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634<strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. <\/strong>\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649: \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0649 \u0634\u0626 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0649.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/strong> \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644: <\/strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0649<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0643\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Frank Nullmeier, Andreas Hepp, and Steffen Schneider, \u201cTransformations of the \u00a0Democratic State\u201d, in Stephen Leibfried and Others (editors), <strong>The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State<\/strong>, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), Pp: 1-16.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629 Collapse of the Authoritarian Systems (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 Transition to democracy \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c 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