{"id":2744,"date":"2020-02-26T13:56:15","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T11:56:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2744"},"modified":"2020-02-26T13:58:38","modified_gmt":"2020-02-26T11:58:38","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%9f-%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1-%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2744","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>What is a political Party?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">John Kenneth white<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623.\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u0623.\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8221; What Happened to the Republican Party&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Handbook of Party Politics \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0647 Richard S Katz and William Crotty\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f 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1982\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a 40 % \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 <\/strong><strong>the rational-efficient model<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u00a0 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 :&#8221; \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 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\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 &#8221; \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a 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\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633 ..\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0631\u0636 What is a political Party? John Kenneth white \u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f &nbsp; \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646: \u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 &nbsp; \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a: \u0623.\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623.\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636 &nbsp; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 2017 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2745,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[1505,1506,1504,1507],"class_list":["post-2744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-16","tag-1505","tag-1506","tag-1504","tag-1507"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2744"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2744\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}