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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 (1883-1818)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 (1895-1820) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a communist manifesto&#8221;. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644 (1831-1818).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0641\u064a\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062e (1872-1804) \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b 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[\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643]\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646.&#8221; <a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646) (1924-1870) \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c &#8220;\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>-1<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>naturalism<strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 &#8220;\u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627&#8221; \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0643\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-2<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>empiricism<strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-3<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>rationalism<strong>:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0644\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629]\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f [\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a] \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>-1<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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[\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a shifts].<\/p>\n<p><strong>-2<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 &#8220;\u0643\u0644&#8221; \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a John A. Hobson. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0640 <em>The Manchester Guardian<\/em> \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0640 Boer \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0631\u0649 Hobson \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 &#8220;\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 dilemma of overproduction and underconsumption&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 surplus \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1917 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 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Gunder Frank, Arghiri Emmanuel &amp; samie Amin.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; II \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n<p>1- \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629)<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627 statist\/\u00e9tatique \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a [\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a] \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 [\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629] \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 World-System Theory<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 World-System Theory \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a Immanuel Wallerstein\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a Fernand Braudel \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 The Mediterranian and the Mediteranian World in the Age of Philip II 1975.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Wallerstein\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 World-System \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627)<\/strong> \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0649 Wallerstein \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d World-System \u0628\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a Wallerstein \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00a0\/world-economy\/\u00e9conomie-mond\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\/world economy\/\u00e9conomie mondiale\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>. \u0641\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 prefix &#8220;world&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 Wallerstein \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 world-empire \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 world-economy <a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>. \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 prefix \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d World-System \u0628\u0640 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645&#8221; \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 world-empire \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 world-economy \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f)\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 (\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 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\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0633\u0628 Wallerstein \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 [\u0643\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c] \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 Wallerstein \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a&#8230;)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 Wallerstein \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 Wallerstein \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 Wallerstein \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 semi- periphery\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f Wallerstein \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u061b \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u060c<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 Wallerstein \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 cyclical rhythms\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a secular trends\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a contradictions\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 crisis <a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 Christopher Chase-Dunn \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645:<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 Wallerstein \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 Christopher Chase-Dunn \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 Wallerstein \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 a mixture of coercion and consent. \u0641\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a [\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a] \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 Justin Rosenberg \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u2013 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Rosenberg \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629) ahistorical &amp; timeless \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 [\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649]. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f Rosenberg \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 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\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f Rosenberg \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a 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\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 renaissance of marxism <a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 Hobden &amp; Jones \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627:<\/strong> \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 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\u0643\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 democratic centralism \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627 centrally directed command economy <a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627:<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Hobden &amp; Jones \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 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\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 Viotti\u00a0 &amp; Kauppi \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>-1<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 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<strong>\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627<\/strong> \u0623\u0645 <strong>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-2<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 noneconomic \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u064a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 precapitalist (\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 Thucydides \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 anarchy \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 security dilemma \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn41\" name=\"_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-3<\/strong> <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 <\/strong>system dominance <strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b (\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629) <a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-4<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>theoretical rigidity <strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a theoretical construct \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 case studies\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 tension \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c theory and findings. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 [\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a]<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>-5<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0629 <\/strong>accounting for anomalies <strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629] <a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 Viotti\u00a0 &amp; Kauppi\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 systemic \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u0643\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062b \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 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\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn47\" name=\"_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>dilemma of development<strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627<\/strong> Less Developed Countries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u2013 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\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 Timelessness \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 Thucydides \u0628\u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a [\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627] \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\">[51]<\/a>\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629] \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629] \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n<p><u>1<\/u><u>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628:<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>-1-1<\/u><u> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0641)\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 2000)<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633)\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c 2004)<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b)\u060c (\u062f\u0628\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635 268<\/p>\n<p>4- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1996)<\/p>\n<p>5- \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062b (\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062b)\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0639)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 2000 )<\/p>\n<p>6- \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628 (\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0646)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0644\u0648\u0645)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 1999)<\/p>\n<p>7- \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a (\u0625. \u0645.)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 1992)<\/p>\n<p><u>-2-1<\/u><u> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1- Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), <strong>The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations<\/strong>, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> Edition, 2001)<\/p>\n<p>2- Dougherty (James E.) &amp; Pfaltzgraff (Robert L.), <strong>Contending Theories of International Relations: A comprehensive Survey<\/strong> (New York: Longman, Fifth Edition, 2001)<\/p>\n<p>3- Groom (A. J. R.) &amp; Light (Margot), <strong>Contemporary International relations: A Guide to Theory<\/strong>, (New York: Pinter Publishers, 1994)<\/p>\n<p>4- Viotti (Paul) R. &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), <strong>International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond<\/strong> (USA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, 3<sup>rd<\/sup> Edition, 1999)<\/p>\n<p><u>-3-1<\/u><u> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1- Roche (Jean-Jacques), <strong>Th\u00e9ories des Relations Internationales<\/strong> (Paris: Editions Montchrestein, 5<sup>th<\/sup> Edition, 2004)<\/p>\n<p><u>2<\/u><u>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1- Tayfur (Fatih), <strong>Systemic-Structural Approaches, World-System Analysis and the Study of Foreign Policy<\/strong>, METU Studies in Development, 2000, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a (\u0625. \u0645.)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627<\/strong>\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 1992)\u060c \u0635 92<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 95<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 99-96<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Dougherty (James E.) &amp; Pfaltzgraff (Robert L.), Contending Theories of International Relations: A comprehensive Survey (New York: Longman, Fifth Edition, 2001), P 432<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u00a0Ibid., P 433<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b)\u060c (\u062f\u0628\u064a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c \u06371\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635 268<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 269<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u060c 2004)\u060c \u0635 216<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0Viotti (Paul R.) &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond (USA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, 3<sup>rd<\/sup> Edition, 1999), P 348<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1996)\u060c \u0635 21<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 217<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 218<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 218<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 219<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 276-275<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u00a0Wallerstein (Immanuel), Patterns and Perspectives of the Capitalist World-Economy, In <em>International Relations Theory<\/em>, edited by Paul R. Viotti &amp; Mark V. Kauppi, (USA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, 3<sup>rd<\/sup> Edition, 1999), P 369<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), Op., Cit, P 231<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> Ibid, PP 231-232<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Ibid, P 232<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Ibid, P 233<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), Op., Cit, P 234<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 291-289<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 \u0635\u060c 293-292<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), Op., Cit, P 236<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Viotti (Paul R.) &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), Op., Cit, P 347<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), Op., Cit, P 243<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> Ibid., P 244<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> Ibid., P 245<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> Ibid., PP 244-245.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> Hobden (Stephen) &amp; Jones (Richard Wyn), Marxist Theories of International Relations, In <em>The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations<\/em>, edited by John Baylis &amp; Steve Smith, Op., Cit, P 226.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> Ibid., P 226<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> Ibid., PP 226-227<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> Ibid., P 227<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> Viotti (Paul R.) &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), Op., Cit, P 342<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> Ibid., PP 342-343<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> Viotti (Paul R.) &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), Op., Cit, P 357<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> Viotti (Paul R.) &amp; Kauppi (Mark V.), Op., Cit, P 358<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> Idem.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> \u00a0\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062b (\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062b)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0639 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c 2000 ) \u0635 154<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 213<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 216<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> Baylis (John) &amp; Smith (Steve), Op., Cit, P 224<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (\u062c\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0635 307<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 308<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">*<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u062b\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0622\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[51]<\/a> Dougherty (James E.) &amp; Pfaltzgraff (Robert L.), Op., Cit, P 69<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627: <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/open?id=1WcP37QL0_OQxjDhHmD22wjlqVGCWzvN2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0634\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629 *\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 &nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 Steven Walt)\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2562,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1439,444,1438],"class_list":["post-2561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-24","tag-1439","tag-444","tag-1438"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2561"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3447,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2561\/revisions\/3447"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}