{"id":2175,"date":"2019-12-06T14:09:25","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T12:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2175"},"modified":"2019-12-06T14:09:25","modified_gmt":"2019-12-06T12:09:25","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%ab-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2175","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&#8221;: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8230; \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 <strong>threshold<\/strong>. \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n<p>1-\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 <u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628<\/u> \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2-<\/strong><u>\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/u> \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p><strong>3-<\/strong><u>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/u><strong> &#8230;&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4-<\/strong><u>\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 <u>\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/u>&#8230;\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 <u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/u> \u0623\u064a \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644135 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b 224 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a..\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1950-1990 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 6000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u062c\u0631\u0633&#8221; \u0647\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Bell shaped pattern of instability&#8221; <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/u> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 1000 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627. = \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0626\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 <u>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627<\/u> \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 4000 -5000. = \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6000 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/u>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.. \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u060c =\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629-\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f 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\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Intensity of distributional conflicts. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1990\u00a0 Londregan and Poole, <\/strong>\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 121 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1950-1982 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628 21 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 &#8230;\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 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\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a<strong> &#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-\u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>-\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a&#8230;\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0644<\/p>\n<p><strong>Theory of &#8220;bureaucratic authoritarianism&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8230;.\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629&#8230;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f.\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Kink<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f&#8230; \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 <u>\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a<\/u> \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629&#8230;.\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627<\/u>: \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1943-1962<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 1958-1975<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 1974<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a<\/u> \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631<\/u> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629&#8230;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 3 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 2-\u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649&#8230;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631..\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 &#8230;\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deterministic emphasis <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>2-\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<p><strong>Emergence of democracy is not a &#8220;by-product&#8221; of <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>economic development.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0632 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642!!<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Julian Wucherpfennig and Franziska Deutsch (2009), &#8220;Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited&#8221;, <strong><em><u>Living Reviews in Democracy<\/u><\/em><\/strong>, pp. 1-9.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ethz.ch\/content\/dam\/ethz\/special-interest\/gess\/cis\/cis-dam\/CIS_DAM_2015\/WorkingPapers\/Living_Reviews_Democracy\/Wucherpfennig%20Deutsch.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ethz.ch\/content\/dam\/ethz\/special-interest\/gess\/cis\/cis-dam\/CIS_DAM_2015\/WorkingPapers\/Living_Reviews_Democracy\/Wucherpfennig%20Deutsch.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0642\u0648\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b &#8230;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>2-\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f\u061f<\/p>\n<p>Boix (2003), Acemoglu and Robinson (2005) and Inglehart and Welzel (2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 &#8230;\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 &#8230;\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a&#8230; \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629..<\/p>\n<p>2-\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0647\u0648&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633 2003 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 <u>\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a<\/u> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a <u>\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/u> \u062e\u0637\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 1950 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0644 2005 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8230;\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 2006\u00a0 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>2-\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0621\u0627 (\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646=\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639= \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>de jure <\/em>power \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 <em>de facto <\/em>power \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 = \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 &#8230;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 &#8230;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627&#8230;\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u061f\u061f<\/p>\n<p><strong>Values and Demands as Causal Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a 2005 -2008 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0627 1963 \u00a0\u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 <strong>&#8230;<\/strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a <u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/u> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637&#8230;\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u061f\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/u> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/u> \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a..\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629= \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648<strong>\u2013 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;&#8221;\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648&#8221;&#8221;&#8230; \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648&#8221; (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8230; \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &nbsp; Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi (1997), &#8220;Modernization: Theories and Facts&#8221;, World Politics, (Vol. 49, No. 2, January), pp. 155-183 Adam Przeworski, Jose Antonio Cheibub and Fernando Limongi (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well Being in the World 1950-1990, (New &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2176,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344],"tags":[1175,836,1177,1178,1176],"class_list":["post-2175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-344","tag-1175","tag-836","tag-1177","tag-1178","tag-1176"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2175"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}