{"id":2172,"date":"2019-12-06T13:46:57","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T11:46:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2172"},"modified":"2019-12-06T13:46:57","modified_gmt":"2019-12-06T11:46:57","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%82%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=2172","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 .. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 .. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Democratization, poverty and inequality<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Gordon Crawford and Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, &#8220;Democratization, poverty and inequality&#8221;, in:\u00a0 Jeffrey Haynes (Ed.) (2012),<em>\u00a0<u>Routldege Handbook of Democratizaion<\/u><\/em>, New York &amp; London: Routledge), pp. 353-367<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a 2-\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 3-\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0632\u0646\u062a\u0633 <strong>Kuznets curve <\/strong><strong>=<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 <strong>U<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 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\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a &#8220;\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0632<\/u>: \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 = \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8230;.\u0641\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 <strong>embedded autonomy<\/strong><strong>\u2019<\/strong> \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/u> <u>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a<\/u> \u0648<u>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/u> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 <u>\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<strong>.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <u>\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0643<\/u> 2004&#8230;\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 <u>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/u> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/u><strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>political democracy does not widely exacerbate inequality<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 <u>\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/u> 1999 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <u>\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/u> \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644&#8230;\u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a <u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/u> \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 <u>\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/u> 1999 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c&#8230;\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 <strong><em>\u2018<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>accumulative democracy<\/em><\/strong> \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c <u>\u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <u>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/u> \u0643\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Deininger-Squire dataset (WIID,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a <u>\u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 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\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629..<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/u> <strong>majoritarian assumption<\/strong> \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a <u>\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/u><strong>. <\/strong><strong>pro-majority outcome<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 2006 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a &#8230;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8230;.\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<strong>&#8220;\u2018<\/strong><strong><em>money politics<\/em><\/strong><strong>\u2019<\/strong>\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p><em>neopatrimonial politics, characterized by patron-client relations<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641<\/u> \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8220;<u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/u>&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u061f\u061f<\/p>\n<p><em>when a small elite dominates economic and political decisions, the link between democracy and equity can be broken\u2019.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a <u>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/u> \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/u> &#8230;\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 <u>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644<\/u> \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <u>\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u0644\u0645\u00a0 \u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a 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\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 <u>\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0644<\/u> \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<strong>&#8221;\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Guillermo O\u2019Donnell<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> (1996) \u2018Extended poverty and deep inequality [are] deeply offensive to the values on which democracy is grounded.\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jorgen Moller and Svend Erik Skaaning (2013), <strong><em><u>Democracy &amp; &#8220;Democratization in Comparative Perspective<\/u><\/em><\/strong>: Conceptions, Conjuctures, Causes and Consequences, (New York &amp; London: Routledge)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 1983-1988 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/u> &#8230;\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/u> \u0623\u0648 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/u><strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 -\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a = \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 <em>\u2018median voter model\u2019 or \u2018median voter theorem\u2019<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648 = \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a <u>\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 = \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 <u>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629&#8230;\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a <u>\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629<\/u>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 20% \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8230;.\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 &#8230;\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/u><strong>: <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 <strong><em>\u201cthe sin was original<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 <u>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648<\/u>\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a 2010 5 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>1-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/p>\n<p>2-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/p>\n<p>3-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/p>\n<p>4-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n<p>5-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 1990 :\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>\u2018<\/strong><strong><em>compatibility\u2019 and the \u2018conflict\u2019 perspective<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645<strong> = <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<strong> \u2013 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 =\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0633 <u>\u0634\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0632 1959 <\/u><strong><u>Schweinitz<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> (1959)<\/u><\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a <u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/u> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/u><strong> : <\/strong>\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c <\/u>\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644&#8230; \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 <strong><em>longevity (stock) of democracy<\/em><\/strong> \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 <strong><em>thicker than thinner versions of democracy.<\/em><\/strong> \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 <u>\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/u><strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 .. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645&#8221; Democratization, poverty and inequality \u00a0 Gordon Crawford and Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, &#8220;Democratization, poverty and inequality&#8221;, in:\u00a0 Jeffrey Haynes (Ed.) (2012),\u00a0Routldege Handbook of Democratizaion, New York &amp; London: Routledge), pp. 353-367. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644: 1-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a 2-\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 3-\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2173,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344],"tags":[341,1174,342],"class_list":["post-2172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-344","tag-341","tag-1174","tag-342"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2172"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2172\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}