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(\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 1984\u060c 4-5).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (Denhardt 1993). \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 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\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628. \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 (Harmon 1989). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 7\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 (Harmon and Mayer 1986\u060c 123).<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Lindblom 1965). \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 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(1994\u060c 2\u20133).<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a. \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c 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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c &#8216;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 &#8216;(Farmer 1995\u060c 18).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0647\u0648 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\u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 &#8216;(Farmer 1995\u060c 21).<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (Farmer 1995). \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0631\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 &#8216;(1995\u060c 12).<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a. \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>10- \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 &#8211; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f &#8211; \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 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\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>Technologism<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 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\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 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