{"id":1795,"date":"2019-11-14T14:57:12","date_gmt":"2019-11-14T12:57:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=1795"},"modified":"2019-11-14T14:57:12","modified_gmt":"2019-11-14T12:57:12","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%80%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%85%d9%80%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%80%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/?p=1795","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0640\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

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R\u00e9sum\u00e9:<\/p>\n

Cet article traite de l’exp\u00e9rience parlementaire en Jordanie, o\u00f9 la Jordanie est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e parmi les premiers pays arabesqui ont \u00e9t\u00e9appliqu\u00e9es le syst\u00e8me parlementaire, et ce depuis 1929.<\/p>\n

Lefaitque le syst\u00e8mepolitiqueenJordanie est une Royaume Cela n’apas emp\u00each\u00e9 l’introduction du syst\u00e8meparlementaire. Le parlement en Jordanie appel\u00e9 Conseil de laNation, Il se composededeuxchambres: Conseil\u00e9lua appel\u00e9le Conseil des repr\u00e9sentants du peuple est de 80membres , et un autreconseilappel\u00e9leS\u00e9nat d\u2019une compositionde40membresnomm\u00e9spar leroiselonles sp\u00e9cifications d\u00e9finiesdans laConstitution.<\/p>\n

L\u2019institution parlementaireJordaniens a pass\u00e9 depuis sacr\u00e9ationjusqu’\u00e0 l’an 2000 de deux phasesprincipales:<\/p>\n

– La premi\u00e8re s’\u00e9tend de 1929 \u00e0 1984 : A ce stade n’a pas eu d’impact de l’institution parlementaire dans les travaux du syst\u00e8me politique jordanien, c’est \u00e0 dire, c’est un non-efficaces,<\/p>\n

-Lasecondes’\u00e9tendde1984jusqu’\u00e0 l’an 2000 :A cestade le parlement a euun r\u00f4leactif.<\/p>\n

O\u00f9ilest devenusoumettre des propositions pourdes projets de loiset demodifierles projetsqui lui sont soumisespar le pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif,ainsi que sonr\u00f4ledanslecontr\u00f4ledes travauxdu pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif.<\/p>\n

En plusdece qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de, la Jordanieaconnudepuisla fin des ann\u00e9esquatre-vingt et au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es quatre-vingt dix des changements vers la d\u00e9mocratie et le pluralisme, La chosequi a laiss\u00e9leParlementcomprenddes membres de partis multiples, etcela ason impactdirectement ouindirectementdans l’activation dur\u00f4le du parlement dansladeuxi\u00e8me phase.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646:<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ” \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ” \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646:” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631”1.<\/p>\n

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1- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (80) \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 1991 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0640\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631.4<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628)<\/p>\n

\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/p>\n

%<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n

22<\/p>\n

27.5<\/p>\n

\u0623- \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/p>\n

(17)<\/p>\n

(21.25)<\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n

(5)<\/p>\n

(6.25)<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

11<\/p>\n

13.75<\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n

12<\/p>\n

16.25<\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638<\/p>\n

34<\/p>\n

42.5<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0639<\/p>\n

80<\/p>\n

100<\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 93. )<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629( \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u06295\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

– \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1929 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c<\/p>\n

– \u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1947 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c<\/p>\n

– \u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1952 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u06466:<\/p>\n

1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 :(1929-1984):<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u06451984.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1952- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:(1984-2000)<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1952.<\/p>\n

– \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 1996.<\/p>\n

– \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u060c 1995.<\/p>\n

– \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f(1)\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f(2)\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635 \u0635 2-12.<\/p>\n

– \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b: \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 1981.<\/p>\n

– \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 7\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635 \u0635143-191.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634<\/p>\n

1)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629(14) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1952.<\/p>\n

(2)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (25)\u060c (26)\u060c(27)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

(3)\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b: \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 1981\u060c \u06353.<\/p>\n

(4)\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u060c 1995\u060c \u0635 17.<\/p>\n

(5)\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n

– \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635 \u063526-42.<\/p>\n

– \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f(1)\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f(2)\u060c 1993\u060c \u0635 \u0635 2-12.<\/p>\n

– \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 29-36.<\/p>\n

(6)\u2013 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

– \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 7\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635 \u0635143-191.<\/p>\n

– \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 26-42.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0640\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2000 \u062f.\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0631 ( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631)   \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1929. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1796,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,13],"tags":[906,904,905],"class_list":["post-1795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-16","category-13","tag-906","tag-904","tag-905"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1795"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1795\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1796"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1795"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}