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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/p>\n<p>%\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/p>\n<p>%\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/p>\n<p>%\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/p>\n<p>17527<\/p>\n<p>37.58<\/p>\n<p>4784<\/p>\n<p>10.26<\/p>\n<p>22310<\/p>\n<p>47.84<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n<p>563<\/p>\n<p>1.21<\/p>\n<p>32<\/p>\n<p>0.07<\/p>\n<p>595<\/p>\n<p>1.28<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>3383<\/p>\n<p>7.25<\/p>\n<p>267<\/p>\n<p>0.57<\/p>\n<p>3650<\/p>\n<p>7.83<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n<p>19408<\/p>\n<p>41.62<\/p>\n<p>671<\/p>\n<p>1.44<\/p>\n<p>20079<\/p>\n<p>43.06<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)\u060c \u0635275<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/p>\n[1]Sam M. Makinda, &#8220;Democracy and Multi-Party Politics InAfrica<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;, Journal of Modern African Studies( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vol.34, No. 4, 1996), P.555 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Michael Bratton and Nicholas Van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transition in comparative perspective , (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp.2-9 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Samuel Decalo, &#8220;Back to square one: the re-Democratization of Africa &#8220;, Africa Insight (Johansburg: The African Institute of south Africa, Vol.21 ,No.3 ,1991), P.153 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646:&#8221; \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 113\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1993) \u06358 .<\/p>\n[2] \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Makinda Op.Cit. pp556-558-<\/p>\n<p>-\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 : \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644:&#8221; \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&#8221; \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f. \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 : \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a ( \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1984)\u060c \u0635 40.<\/p>\n[3]Decalo, Op.Cit.,pp.153-154<\/p>\n[4]\u0623\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648: &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221; 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\u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 16: 22 .<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1997)\u060c\u0635 \u0635 121 :125 .<\/p>\n[7]\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 294 :296 .<\/p>\n[8]\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 120 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 9: 10 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 293 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; George Nzongola- Natalaja, &#8220;The state and Democracy in Africa &#8220;in George Nzongola- Natalaja, and Margaret C. Lee(eds.), The state and Democracy in Africa : A Reader ( Harare: AAPS,2000) pp16:19,p.23 .<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u2013 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 .<\/p>\n<p>Brattom and Van de Walle , OP. Cit., PP27: 33 .<\/p>\n[9]\u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 291 .<\/p>\n[10]\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1990 \u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a(\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 118 : 119 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>Op.Cit.,pp.154-157 .-Decalo,<\/p>\n<p>-Claud Ake, &#8220;Rethinking African Democracy&#8221;, Journal of Democracy (Washington DC: National Endoment for Democracy, Vol.2, No. 1, winter1991)pp.38:44 .<\/p>\n[11]\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>. Bratton and Van de Walle, Op.Cit.,p.33-<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 291 .<\/p>\n[12]\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646:&#8221; \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 81 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>-AKE, Op.Cit pp.36:44 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-Claud Ake, &#8220;The Unique case of African Democracy&#8221;, International Affairs (New York: School of International and Public Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 2, 1993)p. 240,p.243 .<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Kwame A. Ninsin, &#8220;The Quest for Democracy&#8221;, Africa Insight (Vol.30.Nos 3-4, December 2000) pp. 11:17 .<\/p>\n[13] Ibid.,pp.239:240 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 297 .<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 12 :13 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 113 : 115 .<\/p>\n[14]\u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 \u060c 112 : 113 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 298 .<\/p>\n[15]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635 \u0635 299:298 .<\/p>\n[16] \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 13 .<\/p>\n<p>-Ake: Rethinking. . . . , Op.Cit., pp. 41:42 .<\/p>\n[17]\u062f. \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647: \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 113-114 .<\/p>\n[18]\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Claud Ake: Rethinking. . . . , Op.Cit., &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Claud Ake: The Unique Case. . . . , Op.Cit.,-<\/p>\n[19]Idem<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 14:13 .<\/p>\n[20]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 14\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0646\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-David L. Peterson, &#8221; Debunking Ten Myths about Democracy in Africa&#8221;, The Washington Quarterly (Massachusetts: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Vol.17, No. 3, Summer, 1994), pp. 129:140 .<\/p>\n[21]\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c 1996) .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648: &#8221; \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636&#8221; \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1992) \u0635 \u063518:15 .<\/p>\n[22]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f. \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c&#8221; \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0635 23:22 .<\/p>\n[23]Petersen , Joseph,Op.Cit.,PP 136:139 .<\/p>\n<p>-Rechard Joseph , \u201c Africa :The Rrbirth of Political Democracy\u201d,Journal of Democracy(Vol.2,No.4,Fall.1991),PP20:23 .<\/p>\n[24]\u062f.\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 : &#8220;\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8230;..\u060c&#8221;\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 9 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-E.Osaghae ,\u201dDemocratization In Sub-Saharan Africa :Faltering Prospects,New hopes \u201c,Journal of Contemporary African Studies (Oxfordshire : Carfox Publishing , Vol.17,No.1,1999) .<\/p>\n[25]\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0628\u0646\u0648 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 289: 290 .<\/p>\n[26]Adam Habib ,\u201dThe Transition To Democracy In South Africa :Developing A dynamic Model .\u201d Transformation (Vol.27 ,1995),P.51 .<\/p>\n[27]\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0628\u0646\u0648 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635293 : 294 .<\/p>\n[28]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-\u062f.\u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 121 : 125 .<\/p>\n<p>-\u062f.\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 :&#8221; \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8230;..&#8221;\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 16: 22 .<\/p>\n[29]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-David Welsh ,\u201dConstitutional Changes in South Africa.\u201d,African Affairs (London Oxford University Press,Vol.83,No.331,1984) .<\/p>\n<p>-T.R.H .Dovenport ,South Africa :A modern History (London Macmillan Press ,4th Edition ,1991) .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f.\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 :&#8221;\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u062f &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u062f\u062f 105\u060c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u06481991)<\/p>\n<p>\u0635 \u0635 75: 80 .<\/p>\n[30]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n[31]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:\u064b<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 : \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1990 ) .<\/p>\n[32]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Robert Dovies , Dan\u2019s Meara and Sipho Dlamini ,The Struggle for South Africa :A Reffance guid to Movements Organizations and Institutions (london :Zed Book ,1988),PP.169-177 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 \u0635 19: 23 .<\/p>\n[33]Idem .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Timothy D.Sisk ,Democratisation In South Africa :The Elusive Social Contract (New Jersey :Prenceton Unversity press ,1995 ),P.59 .<\/p>\n<p>-Alexander Johnston ,\u201dConflict In Africa ,(London :Tauris Publishrrs ,1995)p 56 .<\/p>\n[34]\u062f.\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c\u063574 .<\/p>\n[35]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 220: 27 .<\/p>\n[36]\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 62: 63.<\/p>\n[37]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 65 .<\/p>\n[38]\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 3.08 % \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0632\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 1.14% \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-J.M.Luzi, \u201dConstraints acing The Socioeconomic Trans formation of South Africa&#8221; ., Africa Insight (Vol .24,No.4,1994)P 233 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p>-Hermann Giliomee ,Democratization in Africa \u201c,Political Science Quarterly (Vol.110,Number 1,1995),PP 86:88 .<\/p>\n[39]\u062f.\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 64 .<\/p>\n[40]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 62: 63 .<\/p>\n[41]Hermann Giliomee,Op.Cit., PP 90: 92 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a :&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 :\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 25 \u060c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1996) ,\u0635 \u0635 18: 19 .<\/p>\n[42]\u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 :\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 25 : 27 .<\/p>\n<p>-Herman Giliomee , Op.Cit .,PP88: 89 .<\/p>\n[43]\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 64 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 :\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 &#8230;.\u060c\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 62: 64 .<\/p>\n[44]\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 :\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 69: 70 . \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Duncan James Randall ,\u201d Prospects for The Development of black Bussiness Class in South Africa \u201c ,The Journal of Modern African Studies (Vol .34,No.4,1996),PP 664: 669<\/p>\n[45]Alexander Johnston ,Op.Cit.,PP50: 51<\/p>\n[46]Timothy D.Sisk,Op.Cit.,PP174:176 .<\/p>\n[47]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Ibid .,PP149:158<\/p>\n<p>-Marina Ottaway ,\u201d Liberation Movements and Transition to Democracy :The Case of A.N.C&#8221;.,The Journal of Modern African Studies (Vol.29,No.1,1991),PP70:73 .<\/p>\n[48]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 65 .<\/p>\n[49]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c\u0635 \u063565-66 .<\/p>\n[50]\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 18 .<\/p>\n[51]\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 76 .<\/p>\n[52]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 74 .<\/p>\n[53]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-Giliomee ,Op.Cit ,PP 90: 92 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 ..\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 30: 31 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 :\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 \u0635 76: 79 .<\/p>\n[54]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 75: 76 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0635 \u0635 32:31 .<\/p>\n<p>-Willie B.eytenbach ,\u201dRegional Reconstruction :The South African State and The Changing environment&#8221;., in Mark Swilling (ed.),Views on The South African State (Pretoria : Human Science Research Council, 1990) ,PP 307:316 .<\/p>\n[55]\u062f.\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 77 .<\/p>\n[56]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 \u0635 770\u060c760 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p>Sisk, Op. Cit ,P66 &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 33 .<\/p>\n[57]Sisk ,Op. cit ,P.8 .<\/p>\n[58]Ibid ,P.13 .<\/p>\n[59] Ibid,P.87<\/p>\n[60]\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 :-<br \/>\n\u0640 \u062f.\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 34: 36 .<\/p>\n<p>SISK, Op. Cit., P.P134 : 1363 .-<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>-Hermann Giliomee, Nation Building in South Africa : White Perspectives . , in Mark Swilling (ed.,) Op. Cit., PP 262 : 271 .<\/p>\n[61]Sick, Op . Cit., P.76 .<\/p>\n[62]Ibid., PP. 76 : 77 .<\/p>\n[63]Ibid., PP 77 : 78 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u063519 \u060c \u062f . \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u063573<\/p>\n[64]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 72 \u060c 73 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>.Sisk, Op . Cit ., PP. 81 : 85-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 35 \u060c 38 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Herbert Adam and kogila Moodley , \u201cSouth Africa : the Opening Of apartheid mind\u201d ., in John McGrry and Brendan O\u2019Leary (eds.), the Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London: Routledge , 1993) , P. 227 .<\/p>\n[65]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 38 .<\/p>\n[66]\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 66 . \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Adam Habib , Devon Pillory and Ash Win Desai , South Africa and the Global Order the Structural Conditioning Of A Transition to Democracy ., Journal Of Contemporary African Studies (Vol. 16, No. 1,1998) , PP 103 : 105 .<\/p>\n[67]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 42:41 .<\/p>\n[68]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 42 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 .<\/p>\n<p>Marian Ottawa , Op. Cit., PP 70 : 71 .-<\/p>\n<p>-Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 102 : 103 .<\/p>\n[69]\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a&#8221;\u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>.Ibid., PP 110 : 111-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 : &#8220;\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 : \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u061f &#8220;. \u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>( \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1992 ) \u060c \u063514 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 : \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f . \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631) : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 : \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1996) .<\/p>\n[70]Sisk, Op. Cit., P 111<\/p>\n[71]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u063543 .<\/p>\n<p>Marian Ottawa , Op. Cit., P 71 .<\/p>\n[72]\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>Sisk Op. Cit., PP 166 : 167 .-<\/p>\n[73]\u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 . \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 : \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u060c 1989 ) \u060c \u0635 \u0635 84 : 90 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>Giliomee, Democratization &#8230; , Op . Cit., P 95 .<\/p>\n[74]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 : \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u063538 .<br \/>\nSisk, Op. Cit., PP 186 : 189 : 192 : 199<\/p>\n[75]Ibid.,pp-188-190 .<\/p>\n[76]Ibid.,p168 .<\/p>\n[77]Ibid.,p190 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>-Africa South Of the Sahara, 1995 ( London : Europa Pul- Lications Limited, 1995 ) , PP 847 : 849 .<\/p>\n[78]Sisk , Op. Cit., P 246 .<\/p>\n[79]Giliomee, Democratization&#8230;, Op . Cit., P. 94 .<\/p>\n[80]Idem<\/p>\n[81]\u062f. \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 36 .<\/p>\n[82]Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 174 : 181 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p>Giliomee, Democratization.., Op. Cit., PP 95 : 97<\/p>\n[83]Sisk, OP. Cit., PP 172 : 174 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 ( \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0631)\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 : \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c 2001 \u0645 ) \u060c \u0635 \u0635 187 \u060c 189 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Brian M . Du Toit, The Far Right in Current South Africam Politics., The Journal of Modern African Studies (Vol . 29, No. 4, 1991) , PP 642 : 644 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; C. J. Jooste, Self- Determenation For Afrikaner., Seventh Report Of the Volkstaat Council, May 1997.at .<\/p>\n<p>http\/\/ www. Volkstaat. Co. za \/ 6sta. html<\/p>\n[84]Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 195 : 199 .<\/p>\n[85]Ibid., PP : 184 : 186 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230; \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 199 :211 .<\/p>\n[86]Sisk, Op. cit ., P 184<\/p>\n[87]Ibid., P 266 : 274 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 :<\/p>\n<p>-Giliomee, Democratization.., op. Cit., P 97<\/p>\n[88]Republic Of south Africa, Constitution Of The Repulic Of South Africa Bill, 1993 .<\/p>\n[89]\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f . \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8230; \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c 176: 180 \u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n[90]\u062f . \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 39 . \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>-Giliomee, Democratization&#8230;, Op. Cit., P 97 .<\/p>\n[91]Sisk, Op. Cit., P 179 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>Idem .<\/p>\n[92]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;.\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 268 :269 .<\/p>\n[93]\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 :-<br \/>\n-E.C. Webster, The Politics Of Economic Reform Trade Unions and Democratization in South Africa., Journal of contemporary African Studies (Vol.16, No.1 , 1998 ) , P. 50 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a :<\/p>\n<p>-Giovnni M. Carbone : Constitutional Alternative For The Regulation Of Ethnic, Politics ? Institution Building Principles in Uganda&#8217;s and South Africas Transitions., Journal Of Contemporary African Studies (Vol.14, No. 2, 2001) , P .230, PP .238 : 241 .<\/p>\n[94]\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n<p>-Andrew Reynalds(ed), Election, 94 South Africa : The Campaigns Results and Future ProsPects ., ( London : Janes Currey, 1994) .<\/p>\n[95]\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :-<\/p>\n<p>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;..\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635250 : 266 .<\/p>\n[96]Kanya Adam, The Politics Of Redress : South Africa Style Affirmative Actions., The Journal of Modern African Studies ( Vol. 35,No.2, 1997 ) , P 241 .<\/p>\n[97]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1996\u0645 .<\/p>\n[98]Sisk,op. Cit., PP 288 : 292<\/p>\n[99]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8230; \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n[100]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/p>\n[101]Sisk, op.Cit., PP 284 : 292 .<\/p>\n[102]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a ..\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n[103]\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a&#8221; \u0648\u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 :-<br \/>\n-Sisk,op. Cit., PP. 110 : 115<\/p>\n[104]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Gary Kynoch.,\u201dThe Transformation Of South African Military\u201d., The Journal Of Modern African Studies ( Vol. 34, No.3, 1996 ), P 441 .<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Herbert M. Howe , the South African Defence Force and Political Reform., The Journal of Modern African Studies( Vol. 32, No. 1,1994), PP 29 : 51 .<\/p>\n[105]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 244 \u2013 246 \u060c \u0635292 .<\/p>\n[106]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 250 : 252 .<\/p>\n[107]Kynoch, Op . Cit., PP 441 : 450 .<\/p>\n[108]\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645:<\/p>\n<p>Idem<\/p>\n[109]Randall, Op. Cit., PP : 684 : 686 .<\/p>\n[110]Adam Habib , \u201cSouth Africa The Rainbow Nation and Prospectes for Consolidating Democracy., \u201cJournal Of Political Science ( Harare : AAPS, Vol.2, No.2, 1997 ) , P . 25 .<\/p>\n[111]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 288 : 289 .<\/p>\n[112]\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 :-<\/p>\n<p>-Gavin Williams, \u201cLiberalizing Markets and Reforming land In South Africa\u201d, Journal Of Contemporary African Studies ( Vol. 16, No. 1, 1998 , PP 81 : 90) .<\/p>\n[113]Omano Emma Edigheji, \u201cLand and Power in Zimbabwe : Lessons<\/p>\n<p>for South Africa\u201d, Africa Insight ( May , 2000 ) , PP 32 : 35 .<\/p>\n<p>-\u201cDon\u2019t Wait For The Government The Poor must Take Back The Land\u201d . at.<\/p>\n<p>http : \/\/ www . Spring Org \/ revoltafrica \/ wspws \/ 25 Land<\/p>\n[114]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a &#8230;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n[115]\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u060c 16\/2\/1999 .<\/p>\n[116]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 &#8230;\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>-Tom Lodge, Political Corruption In South Africa African Affairs ( Vol. 97, 1998 ) , PP 157 . et . Seq .<\/p>\n[117]Ibid., PP 183 : 187 .<\/p>\n[118]\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 :<\/p>\n<p>Ibid, PP 171 : 183 .-<\/p>\n[119]\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 : &#8230;.\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/p>\n[120]\u062f . \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647 : \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 113 : 115 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f : \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[344],"tags":[728,840,270,351,312,839],"class_list":["post-1713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-344","tag-728","tag-840","tag-270","tag-351","tag-312","tag-839"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1713"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1713\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arabprf.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1713"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}